國際貿易,貨物的品質

貨物的品質標準大致上可分為5類:

(1)   企業標準:指由個別公司制定並在其本身範圍內的生產和交易中應用的標準.

(2)   工商團體標準:指由同業公會,行會或其他產業團體制定的標準.

(3)   國家標準:指由一國政府機構制定並頒布實施的品質標準.

(4)   區域標準:指由區域標準化組織制定的標準

(5)   國際標準:指由國際性機構制定並為各國所公認的標準.

上述各組織,各機構制定的標準是隨著生產技術的發展而不斷修改和變動的.

因此,以標準作為貨物品質的依據時,必須註明標準的年分, 以免買賣雙方在適用標準上發生意見分歧.

國際貿易,The Quality of goods,商品品質

商品品質亦稱商品的質量.

是指商品的內在質量和外觀形態,如商品的化學成份,物理和機械性能,生物學特徵及造型,結構,色澤,味覺等技術指標或特性.

商品品質的表示方法因商品的特點不同而異.

一般表示商品品質的方法有憑樣品,憑規格或等級,標準,憑商標牌號,憑產地名稱,憑說明書及 憑現貨等多種方式,這些方式既可單獨採用,也可合併採用.

由於國際貿易運輸路途遙遠,運輸時間長,以及多次裝缷,轉運等原因,商品品質易遭損害或變質,因此,國際貿易中,按照確定品質的時間和地點,對交貨品質有離岸品質,出廠品質,到岸品質和買方品質等規定.

離岸品質(Shipping Quality)以貨物裝運前由裝運港的檢驗機構進行檢驗後, 出具的品質檢驗證書為準.

出廠品質(Maker’s Inspection Quality)以通過生產廠檢驗通過者為準.

到岸品質(Landing Quality)以貨在目的港缷下後由目的港口的檢驗機構進行檢驗所出具的品質檢驗證書為準.

買方品質(Buyer’s Inspection Quality) 以貨物到達買方指定地點,經買方指定的公正人檢定的品質為準.

商品品質的優劣,關係到使用者和消費者的利益,因此,在國際貨物買賣合同中通常都規定:賣方應承擔所交貨物與合同規定的品質一致的義務;買方擁有在貨物品質與合同規定不符時,要求扣價,換貨,賠償損失,拒絕收貨以及撤銷合同的權利.

國際貿易, 信用狀的當事人,及其關係

信用狀的當事人通常有:

(1)   開狀申請人(Applicant):即進口商

(2)   開狀銀行(Opening Bank, Issuing Bank),即受開狀行的委託將信用證交給出口商的銀行.

(3)   通知銀行(Advising Bank, Notifying Bank),即受開狀行的委託將信用狀交給出口商的銀行.

(4)   受益人(Beneficiary),指信用狀上所指定的有權使用該信用狀的人,即出口商.

(5)   議付銀行(Negotiating Bank),指願意買入受益人交來跟單匯票的銀行.

(6)   付款銀行(Paying bank),指信用狀上指定的付款銀行,一般為開狀行,或信用狀上指定的另一家銀行.

信用狀各有關當事人之間的關係是:開狀申請人(進口商)與受益人(出口商)是買賣合同關係.

開狀申請人與開狀銀行之間是銀行業務關係,雙方的權利和義務由申請書的內容確定.

受益人與開狀行之間是契約關係,雙方均受信用狀內容的約束

通知行與開狀行之間是銀行業務上的代理關係,通知行只負傳遞信用狀及辨認真偽之責,無必須議付的業務.

受益人與通知行之間是通知關係,通知行必須負責核對信用狀的印鑑或密押以判定真偽

開狀行與議付行之間完全是獨立關係

受益人與議付行是業務關係

付款行與議付行是償索關係

保兌行與開狀行的關係,相當於開狀行與開狀申請人的關係,保兌行一經加保,便承擔第一付款人的責任.

Sending a Present

Dear Nicole,

I just sent a package over to you in celebration of your birthday. It’s as little something I picked up on my recent trip to Hokkaido in Japan. I hope you like it. It’s something you’ve always wanted.

Best Regards,

John Smile

Get well soon

Dear Nicole,

I was so sorry to hear that you are in the hospital. I hope you’ll be on the mend soon and will be out of the hospital quickly.

All the best,

John Smile

Celebrating a Promotion

Dear Nicole,

Congratulations on your big promotion to management! It’s been a long time coming and you are very deserving. Your must be excited. Great job! I’m sure you will make an excellent manager.

Best Regards,

John Smile

New Year Greetings

Dear Nicole,

Happy New Year 2015 was a great year for the both of us and I hope that 2015 brings you even more happiness and success!

Best Regards,

John Smile

Computer server maintenance

Dear all employees,

Please be aware that our company servers will be down for maintenance from 9 p.m. Friday, the 7^th to 6 a.m. on Saturday, the 8^th. While our main customer site will still be accessible, there will be no access to the server until the work is complete. Your understanding and cooperation on this matter will be greatly appreciated.

John Smile

Announcing a Holiday Break

Dear all our loyal customers,

We will be closed for Chinese New Year holiday from February 2^nd~12^th.

Orders received after February 2^nd will be processed beginning February 13^th,

We appreciate your understanding.

Best Regards.,

John Smile

Announcing a New Address

Dear our loyal customers,

After 20 years at our present location on New York Street. LaTao is moving.

The new location is No. 56 Linken Street, our new location which is near from the old address, it is a 32,000 square feet of building, which is for expending the assembly line to 10 and set up a new laboratory, this is to provide a better service and to shorten the lead time for our customers.

Best Regards,

John Smile

Announcing a Change in Job Assignment

Dear Nicole,

On September 30^th, sales manager Ben Robison will be promoted to CEO of Sales department at LaTao Limited. Taking over the management functions of sales manager will be Leo Chen. Who is cc in this email, please contact with Leo if you have further questions,

Best Regards,

John Smile

Announcing Someone’s Retirement/Transfer

To all our valued customers,

We would like to announce the retirement of our long-time salesperson Leo Chen. Leo has been with our company for 37 years and has worked with many of you over the years. We deeply appreciate his service to the company. For those clients who worked directly with Leo, has account will be handle by Ivy Hong, who had cc in this email.

Best Regards,

John Smile

Congratulating on a New Business

Dear Nicole,

Congratulations on the opening of the LaTao Trade!  We were pleased to learn of your new business venture. The business can be difficult, but we believe you will thrive in this new business. If we can be of any assistance, don’t hesitate to give us a call.

Best Regards,

John Smile

Announcing a Price Increase

Dear Nicole,

Due to the price increase on raw material, it is unfortunate position to announce a rice increase of 3% on all of our products effective October 1^st. We deeply regret the need to raise our prices. In an effort to soften the blow to our customers, until the end of September we will be offering a 5% discount to all orders. From all of us at CCC Inc., we thank you for your business.

Best Regards,

John Smile

Complaining about a Delivery Daley

Dear DBC Delivery,

I have an express package that was guaranteed delivery by 3 p.m. yesterday. As of the start of business this morning, we still do not have our package, the tracking number is 1234566. I have tracked the package from your website www.dbc.com, the package is still at customs, I would like to express my deep dissatisfaction with your service as these documents are vital to my business. Please contact me to let me the situation.

John Smile

Apologizing for a Defective Products

Dear Nicole,

Please allow me to apologize for the defective parts you received from our company.  While we make every effort to insure that all parts are inspected, occasionally a defective on escapes our best efforts. Bring in the part and we will be happy to replace it at no cost. Please accept our apology. Thank you.

John Smile

Apologizing for Something out of Stock

Dear Nicole,

I regret to inform you that we do not have 8 speed internal gear hub in stock, The lead time for 1000sets is about 2 months, Please let me know if it is acceptable for you or not?

John Smile

Apologizing for a Defective Product

Dear Nicole,

Please allow me t apologize for the defective part you received from our company. While we make every effort to insure that all parts are inspected, occasionally a defective one escapes our best efforts. Bring in the part and we will be happy to replace it at no cost. Please accept our apology. Thank you.

Best Regards,

John Smile

Complaining about a Product

Dear Nicole,

I’m writing to complain about the 11-28T cassettes for P.O. #12345 that I ordered from your company last week. My order was for 500pcs of the parts, But what you sent was 400pcs 12-28T cassettes. Could you please check about it and remedy the situation? Thank you.

Best Regards,

John Smile

Asking for deferment

Dear Nicole,

I’m really sorry for being late in paying for invoice CI2014090123. My accountant is away from the office until next week due to a family emergency. As a result, we are behind schedule on paying our customers. Would it be possible to defer payment until she returns on Monday.

Best Regards,

John Smile

Requesting Payment for Delinquent Account

Dear Nicole,

This is to notify you that your account as of September 8^th has become delinquent to the amount of $23,456.0. Please pay immediately or we will be forced to cut your service and/or take legal action. We value you as a customer and would rather avoid taking such steps. Your prompt attention in this matter would be appreciated.

Best Regards,

John Smile

Acknowledging Receipt of Payment

Dear Nicole,

This is to let you know that we received your payment today. Thank you for your prompt attention. I have sent your receipt as an attachment. Please print out a copy and keep it for your records. Thanks again.

Best Regards,

John Sile

Foreign Trade, Notifying of a Payment Made

Dear Nicole,

Just following up to let you know that we deposited the money for invoice CI123456 into your corporate account this morning. It should appear in your account in two days. If there are any problems. Let me now. It was pleasure doing business with you.

Best Regards,

John Smile

Foreign trade, Payment

Dear Nicole,

We have shipped order #12304 to you on August 1st, I have sent you invoice on the day, according to the trade term, the invoice #45678 with amount $23,456.0 for invoice CI123456 is due today, We will telex release the shipment after receiving the amount.

Best Regards,

John Smile